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What is the purpose for assigning two names to classify organisms?

Ditulis Kamis, 07 April 2022 Tulis Komentar Edit

Organisation of identifying species of organisms using a two-function name

Orcinus orca, the orca or the killer whale

In taxonomy, binomial classification ("2-term naming organization"), as well called binomidue northal nomenclature ("two-name naming organisation") or binary nomenclature, is a formal organisation of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can exist based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just "binomial"), a binomen, binominal name or a scientific proper noun; more than informally information technology is also called a Latin proper name.

The kickoff function of the name – the generic name – identifies the genus to which the species belongs, whereas the second part – the specific proper noun or specific epithet – distinguishes the species inside the genus. For case, modern humans belong to the genus Homo and within this genus to the species Human sapiens. Tyrannosaurus king is probably the virtually widely known binomial.[1] The formal introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus, effectively beginning with his work Species Plantarum in 1753.[2] Only as early as 1622, Gaspard Bauhin introduced in his book Pinax theatri botanici (English, Illustrated exposition of plants) many names of genera that were later adopted past Linnaeus.[iii]

The awarding of binomial nomenclature is now governed past various internationally agreed codes of rules, of which the two most important are the International Code of Zoological Classification (ICZN) for animals and the International Lawmaking of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICNafp). Although the full general principles underlying binomial nomenclature are common to these 2 codes, there are some differences, both in terminology they use and in their detail rules.

In modern usage, the get-go letter of the generic name is always capitalized in writing, while that of the specific epithet is not, even when derived from a name such every bit the name of a person or identify. Similarly, both parts are italicized in normal text (or underlined in handwriting). Thus the binomial name of the almanac phlox (named after botanist Thomas Drummond) is now written as Phlox drummondii. Ofttimes, later on a species name is introduced in a text, the generic name is abbreviated to the outset letter in subsequent mentions (e. g., P. drummondii).

In scientific works, the dominance for a binomial name is usually given, at to the lowest degree when it is first mentioned, and the year of publication may be specified.

  • In zoology
    • "Patella vulgata Linnaeus, 1758". The name "Linnaeus" tells the reader who published the name and description for this species of limpet; 1758 is the year the name and original description was published (in this case, in the 10th edition of the volume Systema Naturae).
    • "Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)". The original proper name given by Linnaeus was Fringilla domestica; the parentheses indicate that the species is now placed in a different genus. The ICZN does not require that the proper noun of the person who changed the genus be given, nor the engagement on which the change was made, although nomenclatorial catalogs normally include such information.
  • In botany
    • "Amaranthus retroflexus L." – "Fifty." is the standard abbreviation used for "Linnaeus".
    • "Hyacinthoides italica (L.) Rothm." – Linnaeus first named this bluebell species Scilla italica; Rothmaler transferred it to the genus Hyacinthoides; the ICNafp does not require that the dates of either publication exist specified.

Origin [edit]

The name is composed of two give-and-take-forming elements: bi- (Latin prefix meaning 'two') and nomial (literally 'name'). In Medieval Latin, the related word binomium was used to signify one term in a binomial expression in mathematics.[4] The discussion nomen (plural nomina) means 'name' in Latin.

History [edit]

Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), a Swedish botanist, invented the mod system of binomial classification

Prior to the adoption of the modernistic binomial system of naming species, a scientific name consisted of a generic name combined with a specific name that was from one to several words long. Together they formed a arrangement of polynomial nomenclature.[v] These names had two split functions. First, to designate or label the species, and 2nd, to be a diagnosis or description; all the same these two goals were somewhen found to be incompatible.[half dozen] In a elementary genus, containing only ii species, it was easy to tell them apart with a one-word genus and a one-give-and-take specific name; but as more species were discovered, the names necessarily became longer and unwieldy, for example, Plantago foliis ovato-lanceolatus pubescentibus, spica cylindrica, scapo tereti ("plantain with pubescent ovate-lanceolate leaves, a cylindric spike and a terete scape"), which we know today as Plantago media.

Such "polynomial names" may sometimes look like binomials, but are significantly different. For example, Gerard'due south herbal (as amended by Johnson) describes various kinds of spiderwort: "The first is called Phalangium ramosum, Branched Spiderwort; the second, Phalangium not ramosum, Unbranched Spiderwort. The other ... is aptly termed Phalangium Ephemerum Virginianum, Soon-Fading Spiderwort of Virginia".[7] The Latin phrases are short descriptions, rather than identifying labels.

The Bauhins, in item Caspar Bauhin (1560–1624), took some important steps towards the binomial arrangement, by pruning the Latin descriptions, in many cases to ii words.[8] The adoption by biologists of a organization of strictly binomial nomenclature is due to Swedish botanist and doc Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778). It was in Linnaeus'due south 1753 Species Plantarum that he began consistently using a ane-word trivial proper noun ( nomen triviale ) after a generic name (genus name) in a arrangement of binomial classification.[9] Trivial names had already appeared in his Critica Botanica (1737) and Philosophia Botanica (1751). This piddling name is what is now known as a specific epithet (ICNafp) or specific proper noun (ICZN).[9] The Bauhins' genus names were retained in many of these, but the descriptive role was reduced to a single word.

Linnaeus'south piffling names introduced an important new thought, namely that the part of a proper noun could simply be to give a species a unique label. This meant that the name no longer need be descriptive; for example both parts could be derived from the names of people. Thus Gerard's Phalangium ephemerum virginianum became Tradescantia virginiana, where the genus name honoured John Tradescant the Younger,[notation i] an English botanist and gardener.[x] A bird in the parrot family was named Psittacus alexandri, significant "Alexander's parrot", afterwards Alexander the Swell, whose armies introduced eastern parakeets to Greece.[11] Linnaeus's little names were much easier to think and apply than the parallel polynomial names and eventually replaced them.[ii]

Value [edit]

The bacterium Escherichia coli, ordinarily shortened to E. coli

The value of the binomial nomenclature system derives primarily from its economic system, its widespread use, and the uniqueness and stability of names that the Codes of Zoological and Botanical, Bacterial and Viral Classification provide:

  • Economy. Compared to the polynomial system which it replaced, a binomial name is shorter and easier to remember.[2] It corresponds to the widespread system of family name plus given name(s) used to name people in many cultures.[8]
  • Widespread use. The binomial system of classification is governed by international codes and is used by biologists worldwide.[12] A few binomials accept besides entered common speech communication, such every bit Homo sapiens, E. coli, Boa constrictor, and Tyrannosaurus rex.
  • Uniqueness. Provided that taxonomists agree every bit to the limits of a species, information technology can have only one name that is correct under the appropriate nomenclature code, generally the earliest published if ii or more than names are accidentally assigned to a species.[13] Withal, establishing that ii names actually refer to the same species and then determining which has priority tin be difficult, particularly if the species was named by biologists from different countries. Therefore, a species may have more than one regularly used proper name; all but 1 of these names are "synonyms".[fourteen] Furthermore, within zoology or phytology, each species name applies to but i species. If a name is used more than in one case, information technology is called a homonym.

    Erithacus rubecula superbus, the Tenerife robin or petirrojo

  • Stability. Although stability is far from accented, the procedures associated with establishing binomial names, such as the principle of priority, tend to favor stability.[fifteen] For instance, when species are transferred between genera (as not exceptionally happens as a result of new noesis), the second part of the binomial is kept the same (unless it becomes a homonym). Thus at that place is disagreement amongst botanists every bit to whether the genera Chionodoxa and Scilla are sufficiently different for them to be kept divide. Those who keep them carve up requite the plant commonly grown in gardens in Europe the name Chionodoxa siehei; those who exercise not give it the name Scilla siehei.[xvi] The siehei element is constant. Similarly if what were previously thought to be two distinct species are demoted to a lower rank, such as subspecies, the second function of the binomial name is retained every bit a trinomen (the third part of the new name). Thus the Tenerife robin may be treated as a different species from the European robin, in which case its name is Erithacus superbus, or as just a subspecies, in which case its proper noun is Erithacus rubecula superbus.[17] The superbus chemical element of the proper name is constant, as is its authorship and year of publication.

Problems [edit]

Binomial nomenclature for species has the issue that when a species is moved from one genus to another, sometimes the specific name or epithet must exist inverse also. This may happen because the specific proper noun is already used in the new genus, or to agree in gender with the new genus if the specific epithet is an adjective modifying the genus proper name. Some biologists accept argued for the combination of the genus proper name and specific epithet into a unmarried unambiguous name, or for the use of uninomials (as used in nomenclature of ranks to a higher place species).[xviii] [19]

Because genus names are unique only inside a classification code, it is possible for 2 or more species to share the aforementioned genus proper name and even the same binomial if they occur in different kingdoms. At least i,240 instances of genus proper noun duplication occur (mainly between zoology and botany).[xx] [21]

Human relationship to nomenclature and taxonomy [edit]

Nomenclature (including binomial nomenclature) is non the same as classification, although the two are related. Classification is the ordering of items into groups based on similarities or differences; in biological classification, species are one of the kinds of item to be classified.[22] In principle, the names given to species could be completely independent of their classification. This is non the instance for binomial names, since the first part of a binomial is the name of the genus into which the species is placed. Above the rank of genus, binomial nomenclature and nomenclature are partly independent; for example, a species retains its binomial proper name if it is moved from one family unit to another or from one society to another, unless information technology better fits a different genus in the same or unlike family unit, or information technology is split from its one-time genus and placed in a newly created genus. The independence is only partial since the names of families and other higher taxa are usually based on genera.[ citation needed ]

Taxonomy includes both classification and classification. Its outset stages (sometimes called "alpha taxonomy") are concerned with finding, describing and naming species of living or fossil organisms.[23] Binomial nomenclature is thus an of import role of taxonomy as it is the arrangement past which species are named. Taxonomists are also concerned with classification, including its principles, procedures and rules.[24]

Derivation of binomial names [edit]

A complete binomial name is ever treated grammatically as if it were a phrase in the Latin linguistic communication (hence the common use of the term "Latin name" for a binomial proper name). However, the ii parts of a binomial name can each be derived from a number of sources, of which Latin is only one. These include:

  • Latin, either classical or medieval. Thus, both parts of the binomial name Homo sapiens are Latin words, meaning "wise" (sapiens) "human/human" (Human being).
  • Classical Greek. The genus Rhododendron was named by Linnaeus from the Greek word ῥοδόδενδρον , itself derived from rhodon, "rose", and dendron, "tree".[25] [26] Greek words are oft converted to a Latinized form. Thus coca (the establish from which cocaine is obtained) has the name Erythroxylum coca. Erythroxylum is derived from the Greek words erythros, cherry-red, and xylon, woods.[27] The Greek neuter ending - ον (-on) is frequently converted to the Latin neuter ending -um.[note 2]
  • Other languages. The second part of the name Erythroxylum coca is derived from kuka, the name of the establish in Aymara and Quechua.[28] [29] Since many dinosaur fossils were found in Mongolia, their names frequently use Mongolian words, e.g. Tarchia from tarkhi, meaning "brain", or Saichania meaning "cute one".
  • Names of people (often naturalists or biologists). The name Magnolia campbellii commemorates 2 people: Pierre Magnol, a French botanist, and Archibald Campbell, a medico in British India.[30]
  • Names of places. The solitary star tick, Amblyomma americanum, is widespread in the United States.[31]
  • Other sources. Some binominal names have been synthetic from taxonomic anagrams or other re-orderings of existing names. Thus the name of the genus Muilla is derived past reversing the proper noun Allium.[32] Names may also exist derived from jokes or puns. For example, Ratcliffe described a number of species of rhinoceros beetle, including Cyclocephala nodanotherwon.[33]

The first part of the proper name, which identifies the genus, must be a word which tin exist treated as a Latin singular noun in the nominative instance. It must be unique within the purview of each nomenclatural code, only can be repeated between them. Thus Huia recurvata is an extinct species of plant, found as fossils in Yunnan, China,[34] whereas Huia masonii is a species of frog found in Java, Indonesia.[35]

The second function of the proper name, which identifies the species within the genus, is also treated grammatically every bit a Latin word. Information technology tin accept ane of a number of forms:

  • The 2d function of a binomial may be an adjective. The describing word must agree with the genus name in gender. Latin has iii genders, masculine, feminine and neuter, shown by varying endings to nouns and adjectives. The firm sparrow has the binomial name Passer domesticus. Here domesticus ("domestic") only means "associated with the firm". The sacred bamboo is Nandina domestica [36] rather than Nandina domesticunited states of america , since Nandina is feminine whereas Passer is masculine. The tropical fruit langsat is a product of the found Lansium parasiticum , since Lansium is neuter. Some common endings for Latin adjectives in the iii genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) are -u.s.a., -a, -um (as in the previous case of domesticus); -is, -is, -due east (e.g. tristis, meaning "sad"); and -or, -or, -us (e.g. modest, meaning "smaller"). For further information, come across Latin declension: Adjectives.
  • The 2nd office of a binomial may be a noun in the nominative case. An example is the binomial name of the panthera leo, which is Panthera leo. Grammatically the substantive is said to be in apposition to the genus name and the two nouns practice non have to agree in gender; in this case, Panthera is feminine and leo is masculine.

  • The second function of a binomial may be a noun in the genitive (possessive) case. The genitive case is constructed in a number of ways in Latin, depending on the declension of the noun. Mutual endings for masculine and neuter nouns are -ii or -i in the atypical and -orum in the plural, and for feminine nouns -ae in the atypical and -arum in the plural. The noun may be part of a person'due south proper name, oft the surname, as in the Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii), the shrub Magnolia hodgsonii, or the olive-backed pipit (Anthus hodgsoni). The meaning is "of the person named", so that Magnolia hodgsonii ways "Hodgson'south magnolia". The -two or -i endings show that in each case Hodgson was a man (not the aforementioned one); had Hodgson been a adult female, hodgsonae would take been used. The person commemorated in the binomial name is not ordinarily (if ever) the person who created the proper noun; for example Anthus hodgsoni was named past Charles Wallace Richmond, in honour of Hodgson. Rather than a person, the noun may be related to a place, as with Latimeria chalumnae, pregnant "of the Chalumna River". Another use of genitive nouns is in, for example, the name of the bacterium Escherichia coli, where coli means "of the colon". This formation is common in parasites, equally in Xenos vesparum, where vesparum means "of the wasps", since Xenos vesparum is a parasite of wasps.

Whereas the first part of a binomial proper name must be unique inside the purview of each nomenclatural code, the second part is quite commonly used in two or more than genera (as is shown by examples of hodgsonii higher up). The total binomial name must exist unique within each code.

Codes [edit]

From the early 19th century onwards information technology became ever more than credible that a body of rules was necessary to govern scientific names. In the grade of time these became nomenclature codes. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) governs the naming of animals,[37] the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICNafp) that of plants (including blue-green alga), and the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB) that of bacteria (including Archaea). Virus names are governed past the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), a taxonomic code, which determines taxa as well equally names. These codes differ in certain ways, e.one thousand.:

  • "Binomial classification" is the right term for botany,[38] although it is too used past zoologists.[39] Since 1953, "binominorthal classification" is the technically correct term in zoology. A binominal proper name is likewise chosen a binomen (plural binomina).[40]
  • Both codes consider the kickoff role of the 2-part name for a species to be the "generic name". In the zoological code (ICZN), the second role of the proper noun is a "specific name". In the botanical code (ICNafp), it is a "specific epithet". Together, these two parts are referred to as a "species name" or "binomen" in the zoological code; or "species name", "binomial", or "binary combination" in the botanical code. "Species name" is the just term mutual to the two codes.
  • The ICNafp, the establish code, does not allow the two parts of a binomial proper noun to be the same (such a name is called a tautonym), whereas the ICZN, the fauna code, does. Thus the American bison has the binomen Bison bison; a name of this kind would not be allowed for a plant.
  • The starting points, the fourth dimension from which these codes are in effect (retroactively), vary from grouping to group. In phytology the starting point volition frequently exist in 1753 (the year Carl Linnaeus start published Species Plantarum). In zoology the starting betoken is 1758 (ane January 1758 is considered the date of the publication of Linnaeus's Systema Naturae, 10th Edition, and also Clerck's Aranei Svecici). Bacteriology started anew, with a starting indicate on 1 January 1980.[41]
Summary of terminology for the names of species in the ICZN and ICNafp
Code Full name Showtime part 2nd office
ICZN species name, binomen, binominal name generic name, genus name specific name
ICNafp species name, binary combination, binomial (name) generic name specific epithet

Unifying the different codes into a single code, the "BioCode", has been suggested, although implementation is not in sight. (There is also a published code for a dissimilar arrangement of biotic classification which does non use ranks higher up species, only instead names clades. This is called the PhyloCode.)

Differences in treatment personal names [edit]

As noted above, there are some differences between the codes in the mode in which binomials tin can be formed; for example the ICZN allows both parts to exist the same, while the ICNafp does not. Some other difference is in the fashion in which personal names are used in forming specific names or epithets. The ICNafp sets out precise rules by which a personal name is to be converted to a specific epithet. In detail, names catastrophe in a consonant (simply not "er") are treated as first existence converted into Latin past adding "-ius" (for a man) or "-ia" (for a woman), and and so being made genitive (i.e. meaning "of that person or persons"). This produces specific epithets similar lecardii for Lecard (male), wilsoniae for Wilson (female), and brauniarum for the Braun sisters.[42] By contrast the ICZN does non require the intermediate creation of a Latin class of a personal name, assuasive the genitive ending to be added direct to the personal proper name.[43] This explains the departure between the names of the establish Magnolia hodgsonii and the bird Anthus hodgsoni. Furthermore, the ICNafp requires names not published in the form required by the code to exist corrected to conform to it,[44] whereas the ICZN is more protective of the form used by the original author.[45]

Writing binomial names [edit]

By tradition, the binomial names of species are usually typeset in italics; for example, Homo sapiens.[46] By and large, the binomial should be printed in a font manner dissimilar from that used in the normal text; for example, "Several more Homo sapiens fossils were discovered." When handwritten, a binomial proper noun should exist underlined; for instance, Homo sapiens.[47]

The starting time part of the binomial, the genus name, is always written with an initial majuscule letter of the alphabet. Older sources, particularly botanical works published before the 1950s, apply a different convention. If the second part of the name is derived from a proper name, e.g. the name of a person or place, a upper-case letter letter was used. Thus the mod class Berberis darwinii was written as Berberis Darwinii. A capital was as well used when the name is formed past two nouns in apposition, e.g. King of beasts or Centaurea Cyanus.[48] [note 3] In current usage, the second part is never written with an initial majuscule.[50] [51]

When used with a common name, the scientific proper noun frequently follows in parentheses, although this varies with publication.[52] For example, "The house sparrow (Passer domesticus) is decreasing in Europe."

The binomial name should generally exist written in full. The exception to this is when several species from the same genus are being listed or discussed in the same paper or written report, or the same species is mentioned repeatedly; in which case the genus is written in total when it is beginning used, but may then be abbreviated to an initial (and a period/total terminate).[53] For example, a list of members of the genus Canis might be written as "Canis lupus, C. aureus, C. simensis". In rare cases, this abbreviated form has spread to more than full general apply; for instance, the bacterium Escherichia coli is often referred to equally but E. coli, and Tyrannosaurus rex is perhaps fifty-fifty improve known simply as T. king, these two both often appearing in this form in popular writing even where the full genus name has not already been given.

The abbreviation "sp." is used when the actual specific name cannot or need non be specified. The abbreviation "spp." (plural) indicates "several species". These abbreviations are not italicised (or underlined).[54] [55] For instance: "Canis sp." means "an unspecified species of the genus Canis", while "Canis spp." means "two or more species of the genus Canis". (These abbreviations should not be confused with the abbreviations "ssp." (zoology) or "subsp." (botany), plurals "sspp." or "subspp.", referring to 1 or more subspecies. See trinomen (zoology) and infraspecific proper name.)

The abbreviation "cf." (i.e. confer in Latin) is used to compare individuals/taxa with known/described species. Conventions for use of the "cf." qualifier vary.[56] In paleontology, information technology is typically used when the identification is non confirmed.[57] For example, "Corvus cf. nasicus" was used to indicate "a fossil bird similar to the Cuban crow but not certainly identified as this species".[58] In molecular systematics papers, "cf." may be used to indicate one or more undescribed species assumed related to a described species. For instance, in a newspaper describing the phylogeny of small benthic freshwater fish chosen darters, five undescribed putative species (Ozark, Sheltowee, Mutiny, Ihiyo, and Mamequit darters), notable for brightly colored nuptial males with distinctive colour patterns,[59] were referred to as "Etheostoma cf. spectabile" because they had been viewed every bit related to, but distinct from, Etheostoma spectabile (orangethroat darter).[60] This view was supported in varying degrees by DNA analysis. The somewhat informal use of taxa names with qualifying abbreviations is referred to as open nomenclature and it is not field of study to strict usage codes.

In some contexts the dagger symbol ("†") may be used before or afterward the binomial proper noun to indicate that the species is extinct.

[edit]

In scholarly texts, at least the commencement or principal use of the binomial name is usually followed past the "authority" – a fashion of designating the scientist(s) who first published the proper name. The authority is written in slightly different means in zoology and phytology. For names governed past the ICZN the surname is usually written in total together with the date (normally merely the year) of publication. The ICZN recommends that the "original writer and appointment of a name should exist cited at to the lowest degree once in each piece of work dealing with the taxon denoted by that proper name."[61] For names governed by the ICNafp the name is generally reduced to a standard abbreviation and the date omitted. The International Plant Names Index maintains an approved list of botanical author abbreviations. Historically, abbreviations were used in zoology too.

When the original name is inverse, e.m. the species is moved to a different genus, both codes use parentheses around the original authority; the ICNafp also requires the person who made the change to be given. In the ICNafp, the original name is then called the basionym. Some examples:

  • (Plant) Amaranthus retroflexus L. – "L." is the standard abridgement for "Linnaeus"; the absence of parentheses shows that this is his original name.
  • (Plant) Hyacinthoides italica (50.) Rothm. – Linnaeus first named the Italian bluebell Scilla italica; that is the basionym. Rothmaler later transferred it to the genus Hyacinthoides.
  • (Creature) Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) – the original name given past Linnaeus was Fringilla domestica; unlike the ICNafp, the ICZN does not require the name of the person who changed the genus (Mathurin Jacques Brisson[62]) to be given.

Other ranks [edit]

Binomial nomenclature, as described here, is a organisation for naming species. Implicitly it includes a organization for naming genera, since the first function of the name of the species is a genus name. In a classification system based on ranks there are too means of naming ranks above the level of genus and below the level of species. Ranks in a higher place genus (e.g., family, club, class) receive one-part names, which are conventionally not written in italics. Thus the business firm sparrow, Passer domesticus, belongs to the family Passeridae. Family names are unremarkably based on genus names, although the endings used differ between zoology and botany.

Ranks below species receive three-part names, conventionally written in italics like the names of species. There are significant differences between the ICZN and the ICNafp. In zoology, the merely rank below species is subspecies and the name is written simply every bit 3 parts (a trinomen). Thus one of the subspecies of the olive-backed pipit is Anthus hodgsoni berezowskii. In botany, there are many ranks below species and although the name itself is written in three parts, a "connecting term" (non part of the name) is needed to prove the rank. Thus the American black elder is Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis; the white-flowered form of the ivy-leaved cyclamen is Cyclamen hederifolium f. albiflorum.

See also [edit]

  • Glossary of scientific naming
  • Botanical name
  • Hybrid name (botany)
  • List of botanists by author abbreviation
  • List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names
  • List of organisms named subsequently famous people
  • List of zoologists by author abbreviation
  • Scientific terminology
  • Species description
  • Undescribed taxon

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Some sources say that both John Tradescant the Younger and his father, John Tradescant the Elder, were intended by Linnaeus.
  2. ^ The ending "-on" may derive from the neuter Greek catastrophe - ον , equally in Rhodoxylon floridum, or the masculine Greek ending - ων , every bit in Rhodochiton atrosanguineus.
  3. ^ The modernistic notation was resisted by some, partly considering writing names like Centaurea cyanus can propose that cyanus is an adjective which should agree with Centaurea, i.due east. that the name should be Centaurea cyana, whereas Cyanus is derived from the Greek name for the cornflower.[49]

References [edit]

  1. ^ Busby 3, Arthur; et al. (1997). A Guide to Rocks and Fossils. p. 103.
  2. ^ a b c Knapp, Sandra, What's in a name? A history of taxonomy : Linnaeus and the nascence of modern taxonomy, Natural History Museum, London, archived from the original on 18 October 2014, retrieved 17 June 2011
  3. ^ Bauhin, Gaspard. "Pinax theatri botanici". Kyoto University Library. Retrieved nineteen June 2016.
  4. ^ See entry "binôme" Archived 6 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé.
  5. ^ Reddy, S.M. (2007), University botany: Angiosperms, plant embryology and plant physiology, New Age International, p. 34, ISBN978-81-224-1547-6
  6. ^ Edgeless, Wilfrid (2004), Linnaeus: the compleat naturalist, Frances Lincoln ltd, p. 266, ISBN978-0-7112-2362-ii
  7. ^ John Gerard & Thomas Johnson (1636). The Herball, or, Generall Historie of Plantes /gathered by John Gerarde of London, Master in Chirurgerie; very much enlarged and amended by Thomas Johnson, Citizen and Apothecarye of London. Adam Islip, Joice Norton and Richard Whitakers and the Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  8. ^ a b Johnson, A.T.; Smith, H.A. & Stockdale, A.P. (2019), Plant Names Simplified : Their Pronunciation Derivation & Significant, Sheffield, Yorkshire: 5M Publishing, ISBN9781910455067 , p. v
  9. ^ a b Polaszek, Andrew (2009), Systema naturae 250: the Linnaean ark, CRC Press, p. 189, ISBN978-ane-4200-9501-2
  10. ^ Hyam & Pankhurst 1995, p. 502
  11. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010), Captain Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names, London: Christopher Helm, ISBN978-1-4081-2501-4
  12. ^ Van Dyke, Fred (2008), "Contemporary Bug of the Species Concept", Conservation biological science: foundations, concepts, applications, Springer, p. 86, ISBN978-1-4020-6890-4 , retrieved 20 June 2011
  13. ^ Peter J. Russell; Stephen L. Wolfe; Paul E. Hertz & Cecie Starr (2007), "Species Concepts and Speciation", The Linnaean System of Taxonomy, vol. 2, Cengage Learning, p. 493, ISBN978-0-495-01033-three
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Bibliography [edit]

  • Hyam, R. & Pankhurst, R.J. (1995), Plants and their names : a concise dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Printing, ISBN978-0-xix-866189-4
  • International Commission on Zoological Classification (1999), International Code of Zoological Nomenclature online (4th ed.), The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, ISBN978-0-85301-006-seven , retrieved xx June 2011
  • McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, Thousand.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2012), International Code of Classification for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Lawmaking) adopted past the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Commonwealth of australia, July 2011, vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154, A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG, ISBN978-3-87429-425-6

External links [edit]

  • Curiosities of Biological Nomenclature
  • NCBI Taxonomy Database
  • Crinan, Alexander, ed. (2007), Plant Names : A Guide for Horticulturists, Nurserymen, Gardeners and Students (PDF), Horticultural Taxonomy Group, Purple Botanic Garden Edinburgh, archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013, retrieved iv June 2013

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature

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